@craigpeter @maritzavr75 @shauns @jason_van_den_berg @variani18 @ereljic
It is stated repeatedly in field guide-books that reedbucks (genus Redunca, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reedbuck) raise the tail in alarm, thus displaying the white underside.
However, I find virtually no evidence of such flagging, during either standing or running.
The only photo I have found, that at first glance supports the notion of caudal flagging in alarm, is https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/129680116 (but see 15th comment below for caveats).
Otherwise, the photographic evidence is overwhelmingly to the contrary, as follows.
Redunca arundinum:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/134474169
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/134399092
https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/shot-0f-reedbuck-male-running-at-okavangoforest-stock-video-footage/477433085
https://www.mindenpictures.com/stock-photo/southern-reedbuck-(redunca-arundinum)-male-running-rietvlei-nature-reserve/gallery-132-2442-1961-0/detailmodal-0_00559122.html
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/134398932
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120770948
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112575487
Redunca redunca:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107742724
https://www.dreamstime.com/female-bohor-reedbuck-running-female-bohor-reedbuck-redunca-redunca-endemic-to-ethiopia-running-prairei-dinsho-wetland-image145413945
https://www.dreamstime.com/female-bohor-reedbuck-running-female-bohor-reedbuck-redunca-redunca-endemic-to-ethiopia-running-prairei-dinsho-wetland-image145414156
https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/jumping-reedbuck-masai-mara-national-reserve-kenya/WE109495/1
https://www.flickr.com/photos/timmelling/33417983882
https://www.artranked.com/topic/Reedbuck#&gid=1&pid=17
https://www.artranked.com/topic/Reedbuck#&gid=1&pid=6
https://kenya.hsmagazine.digital/reedbuck-the-african-antelope-article-by-gareth-jones-3/
Redunca fulvorufula:
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-side-view-of-a-mountain-reedbuck-leaping-through-long-grass-31832023.html
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-mountain-reedbuck-redunca-fulvorufula-running-1024727896
scroll to several photos in https://dewetswild.com/tag/rooiribbok/
DISCUSSION
Is this an example of an error, once published, being mindlessly passed from one author to another like a meme, decade after decade?
(Incidentally, among those who have been misled are taxidermists: see https://www.zululandtaxidermy.com/mountain-reedbuck and https://lifeformtaxidermy.com/product/reedbuck/ and https://www.africanwildlifeartistry.com/mountain-reedbuck?lightbox=dataItem-ld8meapj and scroll in https://brucewatsonsafaris.com/hunting/trophy-animals/reedbuck-hunting/ and https://africanwildlifeartistry.co.za/mountain-reedbuck-floor-base-full-mount/).
In reality, one of the most remarkable aspects of reedbucks is that they hardly raise the tail in alarm, given that:
Several of the ruminant species that stot are known to raise the tail, or pilo-erect the fur on the hindquarters as part of the show. However, I have seen no evidence that reedbucks perform either of these actions.
The way that two of the three species do advertise themselves when alarmed is by loud whistling, and the production of popping sounds from the hindquarters - presumably involving inguinal glands.
This suggests that reedbucks rely on communicating with their predators by sound and smell rather than visually.
So, is olfactory communication in reedbucks related to the fact that waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus and K. defassa), unusually among ruminants, discourage predation by means of disgusting substances on the skin and fur (http://www.gunsite.co.za/forums/showthread.php?35742-Correct-way-to-butcher-a-Water-Buck-bull and https://www.sahunters.co.za/index.php/hunting-articles/179-waterbuck-to-eat-or-not-to-eat)?
Waterbucks belong to the same bovid tribe, namely Reduncini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduncinae), as reedbucks.
The mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) is particularly puzzling in this way.
I have certainly heard the mountain reedbuck whistle loudly (https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Listen-to-Nature/022M-LISTNAT00076-0001V0). However, in which ways does it display to predators? It does not seem to have been recorded stotting, flagging its tail in alarm or flight, or popping its inguinal glands.
Thinking about this more deeply:
It seems to me that an overarching oddity of reduncin bovids is that they have largely transferred their glandular communications from the social realm, normal for other antelopes, to the anti-predator realm.
Unlike many antelopes, reduncins do not mark socially by means of preorbital or interdigital glands. They do possess well-developed glands - in the case of reedbucks including a bare patch below the ear-base (see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65592013). However, it seems possible that their odours function more for communication with predators than intraspecifically.
If so, would this help to explain the apparent redundancy of caudal flagging - in the context of predation - in reedbucks?
Also see:
to be continued in https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/95220-contrary-to-field-guide-books-reedbucks-redunca-spp-do-not-flag-the-tail-in-alarm-part-2#...
Comments
The following photos of Redunca reveal the white underside of the tail to varying degrees. However, these are social postures as opposed to postures of alarm in reaction to the appearance of a potential predator:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/reedbuck-male-gm1219279543-356595464 and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/reedbuck-ram-in-showing-off-tail-gm177381327-20576575 and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bohor-reedbuck-on-the-sand-river-banks-in-the-masai-mara-national-reserve-kenya-gm860000138-142190049 and https://wildlifevagabond.com/wildlife/mammals/ungulates/even-toed-ungulates/bovids/antelopes/wetland-antelopes/mountain-reedbuck/ and https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/389642/view/female-mountain-reedbuck.
Reedbucks obviously do qualify for possessing a caudal flag, but this seems to be social, not anti-predator, in its communicative function.
This is how Haltenorth and Diller (1980) describe the sounds made by Redunca arundinum: "whistle with closed mouth through nostrils (as in Chamois) when excited; depending on degree of excitement a little or as much as 150 times, one after another. Rattling sound at beginning of bouncing leap. Sharp sound before the whistling only in female, if excited only moderately. Smacking sound in flight said to be produced by high hind leg sudden opening of the inguinal glands". Estes (1991) states "A disturbed reedbuck may whistle intermittently for as long as quarter-half hour, especially at night after getting wind of, say, a stalking leopard. In the bohor reedbuck, whistling may precede and follow, and often accompanies and emphasises, the typical rocking gallop. Stotting, in which the reedbuck bounds up and down almost in place, represents a higher state of excitation and usually involves 3-8 jumps...the common reedbuck does not whistle while galloping, but instead a snorting sound is produced at each jump as the head is thrown back and air is forced through the nostrils...fleeing reedbucks make strange popping sounds...attributed to the sudden opening of the pocket-like inguinal glands. At the height of a bound, disturbed common reedbucks of both sexes have been seen to throw the hindlegs backward and outward, which coincided with a double pop at each jump".
To my surprise, I have just found for the first time these photos of Redunca fulvorufula fulvorufula:
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=1092977137534522&story_fbid=1713459962152900 and
https://www.facebook.com/WeekDaySafaris/photos/pcb.1713459962152900/1713455738819989.
They clearly show an adult female individual leaping/bounding, with the tail raised nearly erect. The fluffy white of the tail shows extremely conspicuously.
This demonstrates caudal flagging, certainly while running, and perhaps while stotting.
However, was this display social, as opposed to being directed towards potential predators? In other words, was this individual playing, not fleeing?
Haltenorth and Diller (1980) state for Redunca redunca, which has proportionately the smallest tail in the genus: "Tail...ending in thinly bushy tip, whitish underside conspicuous when exposed (in flight)."
I find this statement particularly puzzling because the same authors state of R. arundinum "flight...with...tail close to body".
The following video shows clearly that Redunca fulvorufula lacks any caudal flagging while fleeing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fFt75Evdvo.
The following gives an alarm-call of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which is a 'sneeze-snort' less shrill than the whistling of reedbucks: https://vimeo.com/113800047. Also see https://targetcrazy.com/hunting/deer-sounds-meanings/.
Vesey-Fitzgerald D (1967) Dance of the bohor reedbuck. Black Lechwe 6(4), page 24. This author reports an observation of extreme gregariousness and exuberance in Redunca redunca. More than 225 individuals were together, including 90 mature male individuals. Juveniles of the year were running around, stirring up much dust. Their gaits included high bounds with legs extended and the tail held erect.
This suggests that there is indeed caudal flagging in R. redunca, but only for social communication, not for communication in reaction to potential predators.
Very interesting. I have heard the alarm-call of the local blacktailed deer. It is a snorting sound, like blowing the air out of the mouth forcefully. They often do it before they move off in a stotting gait.
@beartracker Could you please tell me: when the black-tailed deer stots, does it erect its tail or does it leave its tail hanging inert?
Please see https://www.alamy.com/a-black-tailed-deer-stotting-across-a-winter-field-image235857060.html
@beartracker
Another reduncin bovid, namely Kobus kob thomasi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_kob), also stots (Buechner and Roth 1974), and I note that, as in the related reedbucks, anti-predator stotting is not accentuated by caudal flagging. So it seems that one of the hallmarks of Reduncini is that anti-predator stotting is unaccompanied by caudal flagging, either because the caudal flagging is purely social (as in reedbucks) or because the tail is too narrow and plain-coloured to be particularly conspicuois even when erect (as in kobs, waterbucks, and lechwes).
While we are on the topic of Buechner and Roth (1974), it is food for thought that these authors assume that stotting makes the displaying individual more, not less, likely to be targeted by the predator concerned.
I would argue for the contrary. This is because stotting, as an honest display of individual fitness, has evolved as a mechanism whereby the scanning predator can unselect fit individuals in a process of elimination.
I suggest that the following quote, from Buechner and Roth (1974), shows how they have misinterpreted stotting as boosting the risk of predation for the individual performing the display.
"Altruistic behavior among territorial males may contribute to kinship selection, and the individual kob behavior in response to predation suggests that altruism may have a bearing on the regulation of predation...In response to the presence of lions, females and males were observed stotting (stiff-legged bounding), a display that in the kob appears to be a highly specific signal for the presence of a predator. Besides conferring a survival advantage on the individual by inducing the predator to chase while it is well outside the prey's flight distance, as Smyth (1970) proposes, stotting seems to be a type of altruistic behavior. Not only do individuals expose themselves to attack by a lion (and presumably other predators) by stotting but they also approach, at least in daytime, to within ca. 75 m of a lion and whistle loudly."
As far as I have seen, the tail can be raised or lowered when stotting in blacktailed deer. I've seen both. Most often raised.
The tails of bushbucks (Tragelaphus scriptus and Tragelaphus sylvaticus) are similar in size, shape, and colouration to those of reedbucks (Redunca spp.).
Unlike reedbucks, bushbucks do flag the tail in alarm.
The following video clip (https://latestsightings.com/single-post/wild-dogs-eat-bushbuck-alive-as-it-fights-back-malamala) is remarkable, showing a male individual of Tragelaphus scriptus defending itself (unsuccessfully) from a group of Lycaon pictus.
The tail is held conspicuously curled over, qualifying for caudal flagging in this species in an anti-predator context. This posture of the tail differs from that of Odocoileus virginianus, which erects the tail, rather than curling it over.
In bushbucks, the tail is, instead, sometimes loosely flapped up and down when fleeing. However, this does not produce a particularly striking display in terms of colouration, because the white hairs on the lower surface of the tail seem not to be pilo-erected.
Tragelaphus scriptus:
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-male-running-pendjari-national-park-59453232.html?imageid=6CEF78B4-0EC4-4B3D-82A1-4DDC26A538E2&p=86574&pn=1&searchId=c4807554bb1a466cf282cc8091f3a683&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-male-running-pendjari-national-park-57894269.html?imageid=C5206842-7555-4CAA-8165-505C66069A9B&p=86574&pn=1&searchId=c4807554bb1a466cf282cc8091f3a683&searchtype=0
I have never seen the tail displayed in any species of reedbuck, in the ways shown above.
In addition, bushbucks display the tail socially. As in reedbucks, this qualifies as caudal flagging, deployed in a context other than an anti-predator context. A difference is that the white of the raised tail is not as fluffy/voluminous as in reedbucks.
Tragelaphus sylvaticus:
https://www.alamy.com/a-male-bushbuck-tragelaphus-sylvaticus-flashes-its-white-rump-in-warning-arusha-national-park-arusha-tanzania-image376767209.html?imageid=F73C6249-52C3-45C2-A887-3B5FD5ECC2F6&p=39397&pn=1&searchId=c4807554bb1a466cf282cc8091f3a683&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/the-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-is-a-common-and-a-widespread-species-of-antelope-in-sub-saharan-africabushbuck-are-found-in-a-wide-range-of-habit-image472642359.html?imageid=D949EE38-316D-484B-96C5-C0A1B5584126&p=203037&pn=3&searchId=860819a898d0b3e353b6310d1e861c73&searchtype=0
@beartracker @capracornelius @tandala @magdastlucia
The following describes an encounter I had with Redunca arundinum, as I drove near the entrance to Ithala Game Reserve (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithala_Game_Reserve), Kwazulu-Natal, in August 2000.
(The closest observation in iNaturalist is https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19794658.)
Group of six individuals (4 females plus 2 subadult males), encountered at 4:30 pm, in grass up to 1 m high, in a small drainage line (similar to https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98521497).
When I stopped the car, the animals stopped grazing, and stood and watched the car for more than 10 minutes, whistling repeatedly (taking turns among individuals), without any caudal flagging, or any locomotion beyond a few walking steps.
The body and head hardly moved during the utterance of the whistling sound (in contrast to the impala during sneeze-snorting, see elsewhere).
The whistle was loud, but thin and reedy (nasal).
I was surprised that such a forceful whistle was produced without any noticeable contraction of the body or nose, or any jerking of the head.
After 10 minutes, it was as if the animals' nerve broke, and first one individual, then all but one of the rest, ran a short distance, in 'display mode' (stotting).
This did not involve any erection of the tail at all, although one or two individuals wagged the tail a little at the first moment of running.
The stotting consisted of a few exaggeratedly high (but not long) bounds, with short, decreasing whistles in a series of about four. The effect of this soft, stacatto whistling was to emphasise the up-and-down movements in the locomotion. (I heard no sound from the inguinal pouches.)
(The following gives some indication of the gait: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9971.)
The individuals ran in the same general direction, but not cohesively (despite their having been encountered in a single, tight group). They were not coordinated in flight, but they did not scatter, either.
The stotting gait was one of moving up and down without much progress, done individually rather than collectively, followed by stopping and standing stationary.
My impression was that the displays/announcements (both whistling and stotting) were directed at us, not at each other.
This running took them about 50 m upslope, to where the standing figures were more or less obscured in grass taller than 1 m.
In this view (by the light of late afternoon), the whitish patch at the crook of the throat of one individual was somewhat conspicuous, serving as a possible (subtle) flag above the grass. (The following gives an indication: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125708555.)
At that point, I drove on, leaving the scene.
I was struck by two aspects of this series of reactions to the appearance of a potential predator.
Firstly, the initial whistling was a purely auditory announcement, being unaccompanied by any bodily movement, even though the figures were in plain view. However, the subsequent whistling, uttered as part of stotting, was integral to the exaggerated gait, as if 'pumped' by the limbs.
Secondly, there was no significant display of the tail, in either the initial standing or the subsequent stotting.
What I did NOT observe, at any time in this encounter, was anything resembling https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/129680116. The latter is caudal flagging, but in the category of social (intraspecific), not anti-predator.
Going through my field notes from a visit to Ithala Game Reserve, Zululand, in August 2000, I find the following six entries:
"Juvenile male Redunca arundinum arundinum, with horns still short enough to resemble those of Redunca fulvorufula, alone, less than 1 km from Thalu camp. Located on short green grass in a previously burnt area ('green-pick foraging'). When it runs, it curls up the tail in a similar way to Strepsiceros strepsiceros, showing the white underside."
"Juvenile Redunca arundinum arundinum. As I drive past, this individual, resting in a thicket, allows my car to approach it to 10 m, before it stands up, then fleeing several seconds later. It runs off with the tail up, showing white. Having thus been flushed from a thicket, it runs, without stotting, for at least 50 m."
"Just after sunset, two juvenile male individuals of Redunca arundinum arundinum, out in the open, inconspicuous in the dim illumination, despite their exposure. When we approach on foot, they initially trot for a short distance, in mild alarm, separating somewhat (i.e. not fleeing cohesively). I see no displaying of the tail, even when they gallop off at a fair speed. I heard no whistling during this encounter."
"A subadult male individual of Redunca arundinum arundinum, with horns only 1.5-fold the length of its ear pinnae, encountered in early afternoon. When it runs in mild alarm, with the usual kudu-like, bounding gallop, it does not raise the tail. However, some white shows at the sides of the tail, possibly because the pelage of the tail is slightly spread horizontally."
"Subadult male individual of Redunca arundinum arundinum (with horns 0.75 of full length) on short, green grass. As we drive past it, at a distance of 50 m, it lies down, as if to hide from us, although still right out in the open (beyond a few low boulders which might partly hide the animal, but are >10 m from it). In the recumbent position, it does not lower the head or ears completely. When we approach in the car, it stands up and bounds off for 50 m, but does not erect the tail, and does not disappear into cover."
"Subadult male individual of Redunca arundinum arundinum, mildly alarmed by my car, bounds slowly out of a donga. It does not raise the tail."
Buccal semet in:
Redunca redunca
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148449188
Redunca arundinum
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/205545812
Gular semet in Redunca arundinum:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203194965
The following series of photos suggests some limited flagging of the tail in Redunca arundinum arundinum:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183704513
@matthewinabinett @beartracker
The following shows clearly that there is a caudal flag in Redunca arundinum. In this case, it is being flagged during defecation and/or micturition, by a juvenile male individual. The caudal flag in this species has a social, not anti-predator, function.
https://www.alamy.com/african-antelope-are-the-prey-animals-for-the-big-cats-of-the-plains-image463528742.html?imageid=CD35DFA4-AC5D-4383-A0F7-50C504CB614B&p=298851&pn=3&searchId=d47afca96099067b240be3e499db1072&searchtype=0
Thank you
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192218280
Redunca arundinum
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/impala-jumping-through-water-1733164691
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/impala-jumping-through-water-1733164697
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/impala-jumping-through-water-1733164703
A ton of very useful information, thank you for sharing with us!
Ozotoceros bezoarticus of South America resembles Redunca redunca of similar environments in Africa.
However, it is far more demonstrative than reedbucks in terms of raising its tail, and flaring the white pelage on the buttocks, when alarmed.
In these displays, O. bezoarticus resembles Odocoileus virginianus, rather than bovids.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/157819296
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25243577
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228191363
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227071814
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/220533928
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/227251263
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/232124693
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